Early Learning 70 ( Parents must read )

 The child some private space.
2. Opportunities for children and the right to choose.
3. Let the children choose their own partners and friends.
4. Let the children do want to do.
5. Whatever children do some household chores, such as wash their own clothes, cooking and boiling water, so that he realized that he was a member of the family members.
6. Prepare a display shelf for the children, so that he made in the above display their items.
7. Child seriously raised serious questions and views.
8. Like the children as adults, and his equals, the children as their friends.
9. Bit by bit to discover the child's progress, and know how to appreciate kids.
10. I remember the child said: I love you, you're my baby!
11. I remember often kissing your child, hug him (her), felt his (her) head, so that he (she) know that you love!
12. Always concerned about his (her) progress, and also let him (her) own know your progress! Bit by bit to discover the child's progress, and know how to appreciate kids.
13. Communicate with their children more with their children, understanding children, with children counterparts.
14. Do not give children labeled
15. Parents should patiently listen to children's worries.
16. Sincerely praise their children to learn, rather than as pets say
17. Children have regular opportunities and his companions together.
18. Caring for children's health, are more concerned about the child's emotional needs.
19. First adult and then taught, the fundamental goal of education is to train people, a healthy person.
20. The creation of a number of difficulties in life, and children spend.
21. Encourage your child to try not to rely on adults.
22. What are friends to understand their children, it is very important.
23. Reading with their children, parents can see that a good learning partner is very important.
24. Children study at home, parents to refrain from engaging in some recreational activities, a comfortable learning environment is very important.
25. Do not force children to learn they do not like.
26. Do not scold the child's grades and children.
27. Not because the child's low score on the test paper and that the child did not do well.
28. Teach him (her) enough to bring a sense of achievement of knowledge: poetry, figures, stories, home, play, make friends
29. Educate their children read good books, good reading
30. Do the children expressed much concern about academic performance, that would cause the child to learn stress, the pressure increases.
31. Do not put the child's performance compared with other children, to analyze the reasons for this phenomenon, there is no reflection about their own responsibilities.
32. Children's room have their own desk, several have their own desk to read the books, such as
33. And the children watching his favorite cartoon, along with listening to the stories he likes to hear.
34. And children play games, exercise.
35. Control of the time children watch TV every day for half an hour to an hour in between.
36. Let the children watch some more children's programs: animated, educational programs, etc., and less from the action, drama series.
37. Children watch TV, parents accompany them in a timely manner, and on the inside to make some explanation and discussion of the content.
38. Spring, and children can bike to picnic, summer, and swim to the river with their children, autumn is carrying a wok and children to picnic, a family of three opposition on the ground in winter snowball fights, snowmen.
39. Allow your child to collect all kinds of waste.
40. When the child's friends welcome our guest.
41. And children playing chess, let the children know Lazi no regrets, education, doing things his own to be responsible, under the same time lost to acknowledge that parents sometimes have to let the child win twelve, which is important for children.
42. And children spend half an hour exchange.
43. And children at home also use the term civilization,
44. Children develop a love for the good health habits.
45. Listen to the child's voice! - With patience, with love, with a happy heart is long with the eyes!
46. Not to remind children, and children are always exposed scars.
47. Serious that the child's mistake!
48. The children do not always serious, to laugh more with their children: because laughter can make a child more love life; guide their children positive, relaxed and happy looking at things.
49. Telling stories to children, be patient, the story has some educational value.
50. Do not achieve the ideal of the year has not been imposed on children, want their children to achieve.
51. Care for children but also the appropriate time needed for appropriate penalties, not to protect children short.
52. Education is not necessarily just and reasonable, appropriate and sometimes can take some tough measures.
53. With the child's performance, at least one day thinking about the kids growing problem.
54. Arts education for young children, foster children and elegant aesthetics, attention to guide and enrich children's perceptual, in nature to enhance children's emotional experience is very useful.
55. For children in early childhood, a long time and do not let them live with their parents, grandparents even more pro, is not conducive to education. Perhaps there is no scientific reason, but certainly applicable.
56. To cultivate children's charity. Ancient saying goes: small and whom not to be evil, do good deeds, but not as small.
57. Teach your child smile, smile all the face of life, smiling face of life.
58. Children do not make a vow to promise things that must be honored by all means.
59. To often empathy! Done on children, parents should think so often of empathy, if I was a child, I will be like?
60. The children some space and freedom, while a certain amount of pressure and responsibility!
61. Explain to the child, and he has a very cute, and no longer express themselves.
62. Never said that poor children than other children.
63. Not to punish the child by abuse.
64. Doing things the children, constantly looking for something to be applauded.
65. Do not scare children. To avoid the child too timid and fearful.
66. Do not publicly criticize and ridicule the child in order to avoid mental abnormality, loss of self-confidence and so on.
67. Not too harsh on children. So that the children fear, shyness did not dare to express their views, to develop a surface hearted evil character.
68. Do not over-praise children. So that the children become
69. Do not imply that children do bad things. For example, the fight must fight back, do not give yourself something else to eat, do not travel tickets and so on.
70. Foster children the right idol.

Come across Come across

 Even the idea of ​​tens of millions of times the plot may still meet the most unexpected kind. Never thought so and your memory meet, so

, the off guard.

friends suggested a walk to the beach. . . Really forget, when we love eachother's names, or have no time to reflect? But, the sea breeze was blowing

the moment, the memory to ward off attacks have no power of me.

do not remember how many years, and has the courage to take a look at this piece of the sea, over the years, can not remember the sea in this bit by bit. Now, the spots off the afterglow Hongxia

at the sky, salty sea water swept over the ankle. Honey, I recall the old dreams that hit a white dress, has been rotated. . .

a white dress, long hair flying, dress elegant sleeve of a robe. This picture is the most complete is the beauty of the hearts of men? This is for the United States, for Your Love full

cavity, the stars shining in the night many years ago, you and I dancing, dress dance flying sky tenderness. That time, we love that time, we

love to extremely pure. Since now, my dear, I will never, clothed in a skirt. Since now, my dear, I can not, purely love.

wet eyes, I see the younger you are struggling to write your love the whole of the coast, little by little, the dunes occupy the entire piece, I looked around to see

with happiness overflowing out. May be, is not because of the impact of the waves over and over again, your love has finally ask to the mark?

purely in love with two people quarrel will soon lose your head, then we have is so young, young enough, but not the inclusive, do not understand forgiveness, but not the reason

solution, know to let go. . . Young had refused to bow their heads and refused to explain. . . Only hurt themselves to hurt each other. Give up the love life to maintain

situation. Can, give up life, only once, love began to be afraid. Heart, began to waver. Escape, and perhaps inevitable the bar.

friend said, people can not always live in the memory, yes, I was not so frequent as to the memory of your search. All bits of all back

taste again, and then truly say goodbye to you. Only the heart, such as the brain, like whether the reason, the same firm. Just a few pictures just yesterday

already extremely tired. And how the heart to carry the rush of pain and fatigue?

Reprinted reprinted the efficacy of 18 kinds of indoor plants

 Dripping Guanyin: the effect of dust has cleared the air.
(Tips: Guanyin stems dripping poisonous white sap, drops of water is also toxic, touching or eating the wrong juice, throat and mouth can cause discomfort, a burning stomach flu. should be especially attention to prevent children from swallowing it. but are not part of carcinogenic plant drip Guanyin.)



2: African Jasmine: The volatile oils produced significant bactericidal effect. Enable people to relax, is conducive to sleep, but also improve efficiency.


3: white palm: Inhibition of human exhaled gases, such as ammonia and acetone. but it also can filter benzene, TCE, and formaldehyde. Its high evaporation rate can prevent nasal drying, so that greatly reduces the possibility of illness.



4: Silver Queen: The unique air purification ability of its known: the higher the concentration of pollutants in the air, the more it can play its cleaning ability! So it is ideal for dark rooms with poor ventilation.


5: maidenhair fern: about 20 micrograms per hour, can absorb formaldehyde, it is considered the most effective biological All day and paint, paint to deal with those, or around there like smoking, should at least put a pot in the workplace ferns. In addition, it can inhibit the release of computer monitors and printers in the xylene and toluene.




6: Wood duck feet: to bring fresh air in smoking households. Leaves can be absorbed from the smoke-filled air nicotine and other harmful substances, and through photosynthesis and convert them into harmless substances in the plant's own. In addition, it is about an hour can reduce the concentration of 9 mg of formaldehyde.




7: spider plants: 95% of the air can absorb carbon monoxide and 85% formaldehyde.
Chlorophytum faint light in photosynthesis, spider plants can absorb toxic and harmful gases in the air, a pot of Chlorophytum in the 8 to 10 square meters of room for the equivalent of an air purifier. usually in the room raised 1 to 2 pots Chlorophytum release in 24-hour oxygen and absorb formaldehyde in the air , styrene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other carcinogens. Chlorophytum the absorption of certain hazardous substances particularly strong, such as air, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde were mixed to achieve 95% and 85%. Chlorophytum decomposition of benzene can absorb cigarette smoke relatively stable in the nicotine and other harmful substances. it is also known as spider plants, green indoor air purifier.



8: Aloe: Aloe is equivalent to nine bowl of biological air cleaners
potted aloe air purification experts in the world. pot of aloe vera is equivalent to nine biological air cleaners, can absorb formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide. monoxide and other harmful substances. In particular, particularly strong on the formaldehyde absorption. lighting conditions in 4 hours .. a pot of aloe vera can eliminate 90% of one square meter of formaldehyde in the air, but also kill harmful microorganisms in the air and can absorb dust, on the clean room environment plays a significant role. when the room is too high hazardous air Aloe leaf spots will appear. This is the signal for help. as long as additional pots of aloe in the room. indoor air quality will become normal.



9: Monstera: carbon dioxide at night to improve air quality air purification function
Monstera slightly weak number, it is not like Chlorophytum. Aloe is a versatile clean up the air. But Monstera on removal effects of formaldehyde in the air more obvious. In addition, Monstera a night to absorb carbon dioxide effect. for improving indoor air quality, increase the oxygen content of much help. with Monstera plants generally larger, elegant. Lichtung leaves and relatively attractive. it is a very good indoor plants . Monstera can cook the fruit is ripe. smell like pineapple or bananas.



10: Ivy League: Champions absorb formaldehyde.
ivy is the most absorbing formaldehyde effective indoor plants per square meter of ivy leaves can absorb formaldehyde, 1.48 mg. and 2 pots of ivy leaves adult total area of ​​approximately 0.78 square meters. Meanwhile ivy can also be toxic and harmful substances absorb benzene, 24 hours indoor lighting conditions, can absorb 90% of the benzene. Supposedly, 10 square meters room, just put 2-3 pots of ivy can purify the air. It can also adsorption of particles of dust.
< br>

11: rubber tree: the elimination of harmful substances in the rubber tree is a versatile
eliminate harmful plant generalists. on the air of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride and other harmful gases have a certain resistance. rubber tree but also to eliminate pollution of respirable particulate matter, dust on indoor dust can play an effective role.



12: asparagus: the eradication of bacteria and viruses containing the protective umbrella
asparagus aromatic plants have antibacterial ingredients, you can clear the air of bacteria and viruses, with health protection. So the smell of asparagus to release the power of beneficial bacteria to kill germs. In addition, bears have strong medicinal value. dig it The fleshy root wash away the dust of dirt above. spare or fresh or dried use. phyllodes sticks used with the mining. have the effect of cooling blood detoxification lungs cough.



13 : Zongzhu: the elimination of heavy metal pollution and carbon dioxide is similar in function Monstera
Zongzhu. with big leaves of ornamental plants are able to absorb more than 80% Zongzhu a variety of harmful gas, clean the air. while also eliminating Zongzhu heavy metals and sulfur dioxide pollution to a certain extent resistant. Of course, the huge leaf foliage plants, they have a common feature of most plants can not reach the digestive function of carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.



14: Lucky Bamboo: the health of plants suitable for the bedroom
Lucky Bamboo is not always open the window can help to improve air quality and ventilation in the room with disinfectant function, especially the bedroom, Lucky Bamboo can effectively absorb the gas, so that the bedroom privacy have been improved.


15: Pachira: Confrontation tobacco combustion exhaust.
Pachira evergreen, poisonous gas released through the absorption of oxygen in photosynthesis. can be more effective absorption of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide pollution, the emissions generated by burning tobacco resistance to a certain role.



16: Green Carrot: elimination of hazardous substances to improve air quality. Green radish lot of vitality, the ability to absorb harmful substances is also very strong, not always open the window can help to improve air quality ventilated room. Green radish is also the elimination of formaldehyde and other harmful substances, its function as much as ivy, spider plants.



17: Cactus: the best plants to reduce electromagnetic radiation has a strong anti-inflammatory
sterilization cactus role in the fight against pollution, the cactus is the best plants to reduce electromagnetic radiation. In addition cactus absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen at night. Bedroom at night putting up a cactus to be added oxygen, and conducive to sleep.



18: Clivia: the release of oxygen. Freshener absorbs smoke Clivia
an adult, one day and night to absorption of 1 liter of air, the release of 80% of the oxygen in the extremely faint light can also occur photosynthesis. It does not distribute carbon dioxide in the night. In two or three dozen square meters of indoor potted Clivia to indoor smoke can be absorbed. Especially in the north the cold winter, the doors and windows closed, indoor air circulation, will play a very Clivia good regulation air. keep indoor air clean.


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Detailed models of Nikon camera

 Detailed
Nikon lens models using the first knife inserted in the Nikon lens mount SLR camera is the Nikon F. 1959 release of this plug bayonet knife has remained the same basic features are still in use. This continuity The result is even with the latest AF lenses coupled bodies can also be used for the old body. With a little modification, the oldest of the lens can also be used for the latest body. These basic features include:
jaw slotting tool (triple claw bayonet) mount allows the lens to be receiving a solid body, and can easily and quickly interchangeable lenses.
relatively larger lens mount diameter, making use of the larger group after the fast lens the lens as possible.
3 o'clock in the position of the lens mount lenses have a groove, the positioning of the lens can be stuck pins (locking pin), to prevent accidentally moving the lens in use.
9 o'clock tail lens locations of the aperture coupling lever, enabling auto iris contraction. regardless of specific aperture setting, framing the aperture when the body will be pressure to keep the aperture coupling lever to maximum in order to facilitate framing, exposure, release the coupling lever body, the contraction of the aperture blades to the set aperture value.
maximum aperture to minimum aperture from the aperture adjustment ring is rotated clockwise.
focus from infinity to the nearest ring is rotated anti-clock (except 45/2.8 GN outside).
front of the lens filter thread can be connected to the filter and other accessories.
50 years
90 F-bayonet mount
F age one, the early lens
A type lens (A Type) < br> A type of lens is the Nikon F body together with the release of those first shots. actually had simply referred to as the Nikkor Nikon SLR camera adapter lens, so there is no formal official the first decade of the lens including the production of all non-multi-coated lens. these early designs Nikon has done a lot of improvement, so a large number of variants. I tried to these major variants are summarized as follows, but there are still many of the early and late mixed design The lens can not be simply summarized. wide variety always makes collectors happy.
early Nikkor lenses and the following is the general character of its variants:
black metal focus ring, the Ministry of outstanding grip and a deep carved patterns. zoom parts of the lens and holding the lens with a diamond pattern rubber.
black metal aperture ring, with a fine texture grip Department.
aperture aperture ring coupled with strong claw (crab claw-like), located in f5. 6 position.
mirror chrome barrel and filter ring.
mm chrome-plated metal ring above the aperture ring, with fine wrinkles, to grip the lens in lens handling.
body in the mirror and chrome metal ring part of the focus ring engraved with a color depth of field between the scales. color and iris color of the same scale.
metal ring engraved with the words, and a NIKKOR lens shows the number of letters, the letters mean:
code
meaning
said digital
U
Unus
1
B
Bini
2
T
Tres
3
Q
Quat < br> 4
P
Pent
5
H
Hex
6
S
Sept
7
O
Oct
8
N
Nov
9
D
Dec
10
also engraved with the included ), the focal length (in cm display) and serial number, such as: NIKKOR-S Auto 1:2 f = 5cm Nippon Kogaku Japan No.525703
single-layer coating, showing pale amber, light blue or bright purple reflective.
standard filter diameter is 52mm.
the first edition: with a short-term marker lens (Tick Mark Lenses):
(1), the lens aperture and distance with a short tag. < br> (2), in the infrared focus mark in red letters engraved R.
(3), only inches from the scale (for the U.S. market) or meters (other markets), but not simultaneously.
( 4), in the light metal ring engraved with the patent application (PAT. PEND.) words.
(5), all lenses are nine diaphragm blades.
(6), the Ministry of uplift grip aperture ring fine.
(7), no thread lens mount, there is a shallow groove to guide the lens positioning pins.
Second Edition:
(1), there is no short-term markers, in addition to 8.5-25cm and 20 - 60cm zoom lens, they are still short-term mark on the focus ring.
(2), infrared focus mark to the red dot (2.1cm / 4 this lens is still red R tag).
(3), distance is inches and meters while markers are inscribed, for the inch (yellow), under m (white).
(4), early lens engraved with 3.5,8.5-25 and 20-60cm so the lens is marked as focus ring engraved with / f4 to 7.
(6), the aperture ring holding part of the fine, the same position with the aperture ring, aperture ring but the 135/3.5 crab claw grip in the front part.
(7), no lens guide pin positioning slot.
(8), other aspects of the same with the first edition.
Nikkor lens behind the classification is difficult to release because of the different changes in the lens at different times, these changes to occur time can be broadly enumerated as follows:
(1), the unit became the focal length from cm to mm units. such as: NIKKOR-H Auto 1:2 f = 50mm Nippon Kogaku Japan No.644194
(2), distance scale is always given in inches and meters at the same time (except for 85-250 and 200-600 zoom lens).
(3), since 1965, some upgraded to a black camera lens filter interface and the body (such as the 28 / 2.3,105 / 2.5,200 / 4). All the new models come with black filter interface (such as 24/2.8, 35 / 2). the other remained chrome filter interface (such as the 35/2.8, 50/1.4 , 135/3.5).
(4), the aperture ring and focus ring, as have a profound part of the texture of the grip, with the exception 24/2.8, 35 / 2,85 / 1.8, and other outside shots.
(5), the word camera interface has five screws.
(6), some lenses have a wider focus ring (such as 50 / 2,105 / 2.5,200 / 4).
(7 ), some of the lens aperture blades into seven (50/1.4, 105/2.5, 135/3.5, 200 / 4), most of the new lens is 7 (eg, 35 / 2,55 / 1.2).
(8), from 1970, shot mark from the
Nikkor-S Auto 1:1.4 f-50mm
(9), lens mount and aperture coupling claws (aperture prong) Phillips screws on the screws were replaced by the word screw.
(10), starting multi-layer coating (see the back of the C-type lenses). In addition to the lens coating, and other details of these lenses is basically a modified version of A-type lenses.
Summary: A late-type lens has the following characteristics:
(1), the focal length in mm units.
(2), the distance marked in both inches and meters.
(3), lens body.
(4), lens mount has 5 screws, that is, the word also has cross screw bolt.
(5), the Department or the aperture ring has a profound grip texture or fine texture.

C-type lens (C Type)
Nikon's multilayer coating (multi-coated, C) camera market since 1971, and will also upgrade to the old multi-coated lens . multi-coated lens surface can be less reflective, which will minimize ghosting and flare, while credit to transparency, to improve the contrast and color reproduction. multi-coated lens for more than a few lenses, such as zoom and wide-angle lens particularly useful. most of the C-type lenses are multi-coated lens-A version of the design is no more changes.
multi-layer lens coating, usually dark green or purple appearance.
in Digital camera lens in the name his mother added followed by 28 / 2. The early batches of the letter was not marked black.
other respects with the same A-type lenses.
CU-1-type lens (CU-1 Type)
1964 年 Nikon released a series of independent focus with the telescope unit CU-1 head. CU -1 systolic function with automatic aperture, the aperture range from f4.5 to f22, but it is not linked with the metering, metering aperture must be closed to the actual use of small aperture. maximum aperture the lens to be used under. Each telescope Head comes with a range scale, can be screwed to the CU-1 .800 mm and 1200mm on the two built-in lens aperture adjustment ring also can be manually set to a minimum of f64. But no matter the iris using the CU-1 or the built-in aperture, the other must be set to fully open aperture. For this 1200mm lens, generally should use the manual aperture to avoid vignetting.
CU-1 AU-1 was later replaced by the latter in appearance, there are some improvement, and has a built-in 52mm filter holder. These lenses are physically almost equal length lens focal lengths, it is difficult to hand, not linkage is also a drawback with the metering, to 1977 with the release of ED-IF lens, discontinued these lenses.
only four such telescopes head: 400/4.5, 600/5.6, 800 / 8,1200 / 11.
1975 年 600mm, 800mm and 1200mm lenses ED version upgrade. < br> K-type lens (K type, The result is that the lens generally smaller and lighter than before. The first group of ultra-low dispersion (Extra-low Dispersion, ED) glass and the focus (Internal Focusing, IF) lens will appear in this period. the production of such lenses time is relatively short, and some have never been to K-type camera lens appear. As for style, but these lenses are very much like AI type, but they still function as the earlier models. As these lenses why is it called K-I am not sure .
focus ring a rectangular pattern of black rubber grip is better. zoom ring has a small square shape pattern.
aperture ring to square patterns.
simplified as the lens name: NIKKOR 50mm 1:2 3167736 Nikon
addition to the lens barrel are chrome metal ring outside the black.
Focal length scale: the former Phillips screws.
most lenses are seven aperture blades, and some remain six (such as 50 / 2 and 55/3.5 micro).
ED lens with a gold ring lens body, and engraved NIKKOR * ED The first major change in population. It uses a new metering linkage technology called Aperture Indexing (AI, aperture index? aperture instructions?). the past is received when the lens body, you must manually set the aperture to the largest to the smallest screw or the first aperture, and then open to the maximum in order to achieve automatic iris contraction. The new system is able to automatically instruct the body, making the lens replacement more quickly. Many of the early models are derived directly from the K-transformation. Nikon to continue the upgrade process, and many lenses are redesigned.
new aperture instructions (AI) system through the aperture ring to achieve a convex edge aperture positioned to replace the former through the needle and the crab claw coupling.
aperture on the aperture ring Direct reading scale (Aperture Direct Readout, ADR), the aperture ring has two rows of aperture scale, through the window, in support of AI's camera viewfinder can read the aperture value of the second row of small font size.
retained crab claw to fit non-AI body, but the crab claw with a small incision in order to have enough light in the ADR (Annotation: when is the real crab claw :)).< br> behind the lens has a lens speed indication bar (speed indexing post), so that EM and FG 20 other body automatic flash, and FG, FA, F301 and F501 and other body aperture in P mode, the scope of access to data (including FA shutter priority mode), and FA and F4 of the matrix metering.
EE aperture ring on the servo rod (EE-servo post), for connecting F2 DP-12 viewfinder camera's DS-12 EE Aperture Control Unit to turn the aperture ring to achieve the mechanical shutter priority exposure.
rubber focusing ring is not so small share of K-type, glossy black rubber from the past into the dark gray, the texture is more soft and easier to wear.
early AI and K lens in the details Type the same, but in the production process there are some small changes to streamline production and reduce costs, roughly in order of these changes:
(1), the white ; MADE IN JAPAN pressed by casting into a claw.
depth of field scale in three ways:
(1), as early as marked on the lens focus ring under the microscope body (such as 35 / 2,50 / 2,105 / 2.5). Forward focus ring is near to focus.
(2), marked on the lens barrel upper part of the focus ring together with the high (eg 24/2.8, 28/3.5). the focus ring can not be before the push.
( 3), marking the chrome metal ring (such as 20/3.5, 50/1.8). the focus ring can not move forward movement.
AI conversion lens (AI converted Lenses)
coupled with the next generation AI system ( AI coupling system) released early AI lenses came to be known before the AI lens (pre-AI). most of the old lens can be converted to AI lens to meet the new metering systems linked, so that the lens is called AIrd lens. In addition to those who need the speed indicator rod lens function, AI'd camera lens can work just like the AI and AI lenses as often to sell.
modified AI Nikkor lens mount of the lens changes made
mainly replacement of the aperture ring, so it becomes a AI lens metering linked its fork is a pair of rabbit ears with a small hole, this change allows the lens to the maximum in the non-AI body aperture value will be correctly delivered to the light meter. aperture ring can be replaced, but even if the lens has been modified, or not entirely replace certain parts of AI lens, for example, behind the scenes at mount speed transmission column (film). The lack of this feature AI lenses can not be modified like other AI, AIS-type lenses, as the body in the FA and F4 for matrix metering.
original AI lens
to find an original AI AI lens conversion lens and what the difference is difficult . But the AI speed camera lens to pass one more column (chip) to provide additional information to the meter (note the non-AI lenses and lens to change this is not the type of AI transmission column), so the AI lens to work in the FA, FG the procedure body exposure mode (FA for the speed priority AE), and even in FA stability on the F4's Matrix metering, (but not in the F4 AI lens speed priority and high-speed mode program auto exposure work, because the speed of the F4 priority and high-speed Program AE mode, the body and the lens is completely electronic data exchange, while the FA is a mechanical transmission). as shown in the 50mm f/1.4AI lens mount behind the three screws, and AI lens mount telephoto lens, in order to mount the stability of the support, but also as the old non-AI lenses, with five screws, usually, AI lens manufacturing quality is first class, the card rings with chromium alloy, the overall rigid and sturdy, it is a single piece of chrome washer, outside the grinding processing to improve the operational stability of replacement lens, bayonet ring to the AI-S era has changed to aluminum alloy.
by Nikon's Ring, the old lens can be a new AI aperture ring ring replacement, to obtain AI metering edges (AI metering ridge), ADR scale, pig nose iris claw (hog-nose style aperture prong ) and the EE servo rod (EE-servo post). AIrd lens no special identification mark, only the familiar style of the old camera lens can be figuring out the body. by conversion of the K-type lenses except for some small differences in appearance, the other AI before the AI version of the same .35/1.4 AI conversion ring after the installation of the minimum aperture from f22 only bring small f16, so the loss of the minimum aperture of a file.
differences in the structure, Nikon conversion ring can not be used for early Nikkor lenses. most of the camera lens mount has a screw AI conversion ring, refer to the specific considerations:
conversion is no longer available due Nikon ring, it is difficult to see past the conversion ring. conversion ring can also create their own : cars off the old aperture ring back edge, and the remaining part of the aperture coupling edge made of AI. This custom ring aperture ring from the old style figuring that their work can be very rough it can be extremely high quality, and some Nikon go even further than the far pole with a camera speed of recognition to meet the needs of the body.
Some AI'd lens, such as the 55/1.2 and early 35/1.4, a posterior lens cover, this cover damage or linkage with the lens CPU speed of the body, so to avoid this type of camera body to use these lenses.
change on the AI more information, please see:


AI -S lenses (AI-S)
released in 1981, AI-S lens is equivalent to replacing AI by its lens, except for some minor mechanical changes to more automation.
aperture coupling lever and the aperture movement is linear. This makes the body in the shutter priority and program exposure mode, aperture coupling lever by moving a given distance, to accurately receive a small aperture. FA F501 shutter priority and program exposure is in this way.
F301/N2000 in the use of flash such as SB-16 can only use the AI-S lens TTL exposure automatic procedure, that is, the smallest aperture in the lens, and shutter located in the P or P-Hi mode. from the user manual see this is the only AI-S can achieve this functionality. General AI lens aperture priority only to complete the general TTL.
lens model identification slot (lens type notch): knife inserted near the notch of a semi-circular groove, for FA, F301, F501, and F4 and other AI-S lens body identification.
ADR minimum aperture value on the scale is orange, white in the AI lenses.
focus instructions edges: 135mm or more in long focal length lens, lens cover extends over the posterior lens lock slot. for the FA and the F501 airframe program to achieve a double exposure. when it detects a telephoto lens, the body automatically switch high-speed shutter (P-Hi) mode to reduce camera shake effect, and vice versa exposure with ordinary procedures.
wide-angle and standard lenses go from infinity focus turn away from the most recent from 1 / 2 laps down to 1 / 4 turn, contribute to a shorter focus faster torque , but this also means that depth of field (DOF) is too close to the scale and more inaccurate.
most of the lens depth of field scale in chrome metal ring, with the exception 55/2.8, 105/2.8, 85/1.4 outside.
obvious advantage of the AI-S characteristics of the body only FA and F501/N2020.F301 and F4 are detected although the AI-S lens model identification slot, but it is AI work, which to me is somewhat mysterious. other body of AI and AI-S lenses are treated equally. A few years later listed AF lenses, the maximum aperture and focal lengths such as data transmission through electronic means (more reliable and more accurate), AI and AI-S of the mechanical linkage means to come to a dead end. AI -S the most important features of the line on the aperture ring is a movement, this is precisely the shutter priority and program exposure necessary. but then the lens to achieve this function by the CPU, so the only AF lens test CPU, and no longer need to detect AI-S lens model identification slot.
AI family reflects the smaller size, lower manufacturing costs tend to, this trend began in AI lens mount lens will be reduced to three screws, until the AI-S aluminum ring late AI-S lenses (50/1.8N and 35-70/3.3-4.5) also a lot of plastic, which is from the low-cost E Series genetically. because most of the AI with AI-S lens optical lens corresponding Like most of the body in the same work, but generally more expensive, so these lenses in the secondary market more cost-effective.
E series lenses (Series-E)
E series lenses in 1978, the body with the EM City, which is Nikon first attempt to enter the burgeoning low-cost consumer market, Nikon has always been looked after almost a professional and serious amateur photography system. Many people believe that E series of plastic work is a setback, but E series But for the later AI-S and AF lenses provide a testing ground for many of the performance. In general, these lenses are high performance, but can not be compared to the corresponding Nikkor lens, however, some E series lenses are highly regarded, such as 75 -150/3.5, long after the cut-off is still very much sought-after today, 50/1.8 also proved to be extremely good, then the AI-S and AF form.
and AI-S properties of the same, but there is no appropriate non-AI body with the necessary aperture coupling prong. Although listed as early as AI-S, E series lenses are all AI-S lenses.
focus ring and focus spiral components are made of polycarbonate plastic. < br> Lens no / 2.8), but others are multi-layer coating.
E series also do some improvements:
(1), the first edition of a plastic ring, focus ring are square texture rubber. posterior lens shield and lens speed indicator rod is pressed by the metal, easy to bend, as a whole gives a cheap feel, Nikkor lens was later replaced by a solid after the component.
(2), Second Edition has a chromed metal ring, focus ring into a rectangular texture, appearance and the same AI-S lenses. chrome ring with a small version to produce more solid, to a certain extent in addition to E series lens gives up feeling cheap.

Vertical and horizontal world platinum user account registration or the old method

 Aspect being the world's platinum account is not fully opened, but the account can receive a Platinum Platinum 50 Platinum
novice novice spree spree includes:
1 iron ingot Wood 10000 + 10000 + 10000
food Item Description: The construction of the city, and to upgrade technology and build the basis of military resources.
2 Platinum Moonlight Yuhe a novice spree
receive address:
must be registered to play big games Platinum users, grand platinum users there are three prizes, not open, and soon you will be issued)
3. yet open to receive daily free users, paid users to receive daily open yet!
down and taught novices how to register and bind the platinum account and obtain the three Prizes:
(If you already have a game account or permit would not have registered, bind to, cautions and bind the specific method at the bottom)
first step:
up: (There are two methods species, we can choose one, the first one need not fill up the promotion account, the first two need to fill in the promotion account)
1: Grand Platinum users to quickly registered address:
2: the official website for registration, promotion account to write : tg2999 (can fill out the Platinum award is new to account)
up to the big pass after a good password-protected data center Butian
the following address: upper right corner of the landing, after landing point Butian information
Step two:
receive the first prize (1. Platinum Award novice helicopter mm gold account)
Gold Account prizes are as follows:
Unknown .....< br> Register here
registration permit to fill up the grand, grand pass password, receive prizes of the game area, server, authentication code secret grand
Po: Do not fill in, so should off! challenge codes do not fill
Note: If you fill out a grand secret treasure what this account to set aside, life can not collect their prizes, and re-register it! ~
After you register here, later to directly to the game above the level of award recipients
method :.......< br> The third step:
receive second prizes (2. Platinum Award mm Consumer unpublished)
section four steps:
receive third prize (3. Unpublished free users to receive daily, paid subscribers receive daily unpublished)
called the daily experience of a grand package prize that colloquial called it a day

must visit the site each day point to the right of br> Note:
1: (players in the next week after spending weeks 3 automatically translate into paying customers, which means spending a week off next week before they can receive 3 prizes paid players, so early consumption of valuable prizes to take back)
Step:
prizes to know, and you're done!
following is bound to platinum customers and old customers the way, in accordance with the above platinum user is already registered, do not have to Look, no need to bind!
if the old players (that is, pass or have a game account but did not charge over the value of users), here:
be bound to enter your pass on the last point ; binding registered a grand pass The second step from the top looks!
binding Note:
1: Only had never held login point coupons or ingot did not pass through bonus systems in order to be bound
2: Binding After filing, please check the following day the success of binding, if successful, immediately before and daily experience to receive platinum awards package; if it fails to re-register now!
3: old user-binding relationship building date within 40 days will be automatically discharged without binding between consumption.

Look at me 20 minutes to run business

 I am from 13 February 2009 began to play Dragon, and now more than 40 levels, can be said to be a real novice. One of the biggest problems novice,
is short of money. Desperation, went to run Cao. was found run business, I feel better run business, both money and earn experience. started trying to run a business trip
, spent more than 2 hours, it failed ah. So I read a few players to experience talk, drawing on the experience of some should be re-run business, actually
then ran a full business, but also over the top! ran a few times, with some experience and would like to share with you. < br> forum, some experience is still very useful, such as commodity and then shot at two times; to run full-time business in selling drafts to pay no more than the fare;
attention to commodity prices, traders at the refresh, as far as possible at the lowest price of purchased goods. These experiences we can as a reference, the following I will introduce my business experience to run
.
gang where I live is located in Longquan, is to run business location is not very good. I was running gang - Longquan - West Lake - Suzhou - Mirror Lake - the amount of free
Mountain - Dali line, bought food from the gang (50Y below), direct selling Dali run business (3 times the price of energy sold), then Dali stone
trafficking gangs back (Oh, or 3 times the price.) can definitely make votes. One might ask whether this is full of votes. I can not answer with certainty. The
so this is the following consider:
1. I ran over votes, but too tired. because to run full votes, you need to come more than 2 business transactions have to calculate the value of goods in order to avoid
over pay fares This will waste a lot of time. Although more money, but more than a waste of time to waste the opportunity to earn experience. I only ran 2
businessman, although not much money, but the speed can be more may experience a few times (45,000 experience). Of course people have different views, I am more
value the experience. value of money players can skip this without looking.
2. Some players that want to sell the cheapest goods, Some say buy the most expensive. I've tried, did not see it any different. I think we should demand the largest commodity
trafficking. I bought food from the gang (50Y below), you can buy 4, trafficking to 3 times the price of marble can sell directly to food shortages sold 5J
that Dali. buy stones from Dali (38Y), can buy 13-14 months, selling back to the gang and is 3 times the price of tickets directly to pay. In Here I give you an experience
: the price of the stone where the gang with the low rating, the higher level, the lower the price (estimated to be below the required level of gang
head stone building). I level where the gang low, they are able to better price. There are the mirror opposite of Suzhou, gang higher level, the higher the price
money (the same reason, the required high level of luxury more).
course can also be run in Luoyang, I more lazy, not ran, interested players can try.
about above is one of the words of the novice on the experience of running business is still sound and explore in the present, hope things to share , criticized the Italian
see.